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Page 2, Viewpointe March 2020

JICYMI

Just In Case You Missed It policy—taught in the schools, elaborated in “scientific” became a fringe phenomenon with occasional lethal

journals and research institutes, and promoted by a huge, manifestations in hate crimes. But even if they were fewer
By Bob Kronish highly effective organization for international propaganda. in number, less widespread, and less tolerated by American
In 1941 the liquidation of European Jewry became official society, virulent anti-Semitic acts still occasionally occurred.
The Grievous History of party policy. During World War II an estimated 5.7 million Moreover, anti-Semitism persisted in many other
Anti-Semitism––Part 2 Jews were exterminated by mobile killing units; in such countries. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, whose troops had
Author’s Note: Michael death camps as Auschwitz, Chelmno, Belzec, Majdanek, and liberated Auschwitz, engaged in a purge of Jews that was
Bernenbaum is the author of Treblinka; by being worked to death; or through starvation. halted only by his death in 1953. In the Soviet Union,
the following article, He is the Anti-Semitism Since The Holocaust And Outside Europe opposition to the State of Israel after the Six-Day War (1967)
author and editor of twenty For a period of time after the Nazi defeat in 1945, anti- and to the attempts of Soviet Jews to emigrate was linked to
books, scores of scholarly Semitism lost favor in Western Europe and the United historic Russian anti-Semitism. There also were anti-Jewish
articles, and hundreds of States. Even those who were anti-Semitic were hesitant, if purges in Poland in 1956–57 and 1968.
journalistic scholarship, He not embarrassed, to express it. American Jews became an Under the leadership of Pope (later Saint) John XXIII
is also an American scholar, professor, rabbi, writer, and integrated part of culture and society in the postwar United and the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic
filmmaker, who specializes in the study of the Holocaust States. Barriers to complete Jewish participation in business Church accepted the legitimacy of Judaism as a continuing
France was the vanguard of the movement that gave and politics fell, and Jews found few obstacles in their way
civic and legal equality to the Jews. Napoleon’s conquest as they sought to participate in American life. Anti-Semitism JICYMI on page 3
of the German states led to emancipation in some of them,
but after his defeat, Jews faced a series of legal setbacks.
Full emancipation of Jews throughout Germany came only
with the unification of Germany in 1871.
Even in France itself, emancipation did not end anti-
Semitism but merely transformed it. With the emergence
of nationalism as the defining factor in European society
in the 19th century, anti-Semitism acquired a racial rather
than a religious character as ethnically homogeneous
peoples decried the existence in their midst of “alien”
Jewish elements. Pseudoscientific theories asserting that
the Jews were inferior to the so-called Aryan “race” gave
anti-Semitism new respectability and popular support,
especially in countries where Jews could be made scapegoats
for existing social or political grievances. In this new
climate, anti-Semitism became a powerful political tool,
as politicians were quick to discover. In the 1890s Karl
Lueger won the mayoralty of Vienna—a city of diverse
culture and many Jews—with his anti-Semitic campaigns.
In both Germany and Austria in the late 19th century, anti-
Semitism became an organized movement with its own
political parties.
In France the Dreyfus Affair became a focal point for
anti-Semitism. In 1894 Alfred Dreyfus, a highly placed
Jewish army officer, was falsely accused of treason. His
final vindication (in 1906) was hampered by the French
military and the bitterly anti-Semitic French press, and the
wrenching controversy over the case left lasting scars on
French political life.
During the first decade of the 20th century, there was a
period of moderate decline in anti-Semitic tensions—except
in Russia, where serious pogroms occurred in Kishinyov
(now Chişinău, Moldova) in 1903 and 1905 and where the
Russian secret police published a forgery entitled Protocols
of the Learned Elders of Zion, which, as the supposed
blueprint for a Jewish plot to achieve world domination,
furnished propaganda for subsequent generations of anti-
Semitic agitators.
The widespread economic and political dislocations
caused by World War I notably intensified anti-Semitism in
Europe after the war. In addition, the many Jewish Bolshevik
leaders in the Russian Revolution of November 1917 gave
anti-Semites a new focus for their prejudices in the threat
of “Jewish Bolshevism.” In postwar Germany, anti-Semites
joined forces with revanchist nationalists in attempting to
blame the Jews for that country’s defeat. In Eastern Europe,
anti-Semitism became widespread in Poland, Hungary, and
Romania in the interwar period.
Nazi Anti-Semitism And The Holocaust
The storm of anti-Semitic violence loosed by Nazi AFFORDABLE & RELIABLE IN-HOME CARE
Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler from 1933 to
1945 not only reached a terrifying intensity in Germany itself
but also inspired anti-Jewish movements elsewhere. Anti- Companion Care Personal Care Live-In Care Respite Care
Semitism was promulgated in France by the Cagoulards
(French: “Hooded Men”), in Hungary by the Arrow Cross, in Alzheimer’s & Dementia Care Surgery Recovery Care
England by the British Union of Fascists, and in the United
States by the German-American Bund and the Silver Shirts.
In Nazi Germany, anti-Semitism reached a racial Your Local Representative: Reba Cole, RN
dimension never before experienced. Christianity had
sought the conversion of the Jews, and political leaders
from Spain to England had sought their expulsion because
Jews were practitioners of Judaism, but the Nazis—who
regarded Jews not only as members of a subhuman race (561)-860-1897
but as a dangerous cancer that would destroy the German
people—sought the “final solution to the Jewish question,”
the murder of all Jews—men, women, and children—and
their eradication from the human race. In Nazi ideology
that perceived Jewishness to be biological, the elimination Call your local representative, or visit us at www.WhitsymsInHomeCare.com
of the Jews was essential to the purification and even the to schedule your FREE In-Home Consultation
salvation of the German people.
A novelty of the Nazi brand of anti-Semitism was that it
crossed class barriers. The idea of Aryan racial superiority
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Germany anti-Semitism became official government